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Studies / Research Projects
The following studies are ongoing or has been performed with the C3Fire enviromnet.
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Title
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GIS effects on command and control
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Year
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2008 - 2010
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Performer
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GIS group and Human-Centered Systems group in Department of Computer and Information Science at Linköping University, Sweden
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Founder
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Swedish Emergency Management Agency
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Project site
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GIS-system och deras effekt på stabsarbete vid svåra påfrestningar
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Summary
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GIS is used in management applications for supporting information areas as shared situation awareness, real time presentation of information and events as well as exchange of information between different operators.
These systems have a high level of complexity and the possibility to perform is high.
The demand on the management's decision making in system with GIS is increased, as is time pressure, compared to traditional systems without GIS.
There are indications that organizations working with GIS on day-to-day base meet problems when an extraordinary situation occurs. At these events it happen that the GIS tool is abandoned in favour of traditional paper maps and white boards, especially when it come to working in team and when communication is needed.
In this project we focus on using GIS in extraordinary situations and crises, in relation with users with little experience of GIS. We will conduct an experiment where using traditional paper maps is put versus using GIS. The teams in the two conditions shall manage an effort where a simulated forest fire is to be controlled and extinguished. The C3Fire simulation is extended with GIS functions and is used for creating an environment with the complexity of modern systems in crisis management.
The log-files generated in C3Fire contain data about all actions taken in the simulation. In addition to the log files the work in the teams staff is video-recorded as they are allowed to talk and the simulation does not log the talk.
All data will be used to explore achievement, work-process and communication in the experiments two condition.
How will the learning curve differ in the two conditions? Does GIS improve performance in crisis management? Does GIS affect the command style? Is there any connection between command style and performance? Will the teams in the GIS condition use a more direct control command style and the paper map condition a more mission-type command style?
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Publications
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Contact
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Rego Granlund, PhD
Jiri Trnka
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Title
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Naval Postgraduate School
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Year
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2007 - 2008
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Performer
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Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California
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Summary
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Started in August 2007.
Performed by The Departments of Operations Research and Systems Engineering at Naval Postgraduate School.
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Publications
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Contact
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Nita Miller, PhD
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Title
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Defence Research & Development, Canada
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Year
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2007 - 2008
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Performer
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Defence Research & Development, Canada
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Founder
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Project site
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Summary
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Publications
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Contact
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Vlad Zotov
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Title
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University of Birmingham, UK
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Year
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2007 - 2008
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Performer
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University of Birmingham, UK
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Founder
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Project site
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Summary
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Publications
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Contact
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Robert J. Houghton
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Title
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Automated Communication Analysis For Interactive Situation Awareness Assessment
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Year
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2006 - 2007
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Performer
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SA Technologies, USA
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Founder
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SA Technologies
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Project site
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Summary
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Publications
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Contact
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Cheryl Bolstad
Haydee Cuevas
Tony Costello
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Title
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Comparing Measurements of Shared Situational Awareness
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Year
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2006 - 2007
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Performer
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Division of Man System Interaction in department of Command and Control Systems, at Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Sweden
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Founder
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Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI)
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Project site
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Summary
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In this project we are
measuring shared situation awareness and team
performance.
We are analysing if the degree of agreement is a valid
operationalization of shared situational awareness
and to the idea that shared situational awareness is
positively contributing to team performance.
We have chosen to measure
shared situational awareness by subjective
assessment and by ranking of events important to the
situation. The subjective assessments have not only
been used to assess the team’s shared situational
awareness, but also subjective assessments of own
and fellow team mate’s situational awareness has
been used, where the relative differences in
assessment of individual situational awareness has
been used as an indication of shared situational
awareness.
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Publications
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Peter Berggren, Jens Alfredson, Jan Andersson and Björn Modéer (2007)
"Comparing Measurements of Shared Situational Awareness in a Microworld with a Developmental Environment"
In proceedings of ... IFAC-KOREA(2007). Korea September 2007.
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Contact
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Jens Alfredsson
Peter Berggren
Jan Andersson
Björn Modéer
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Title
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Bridging cultural barriers to collaborative decision making in On Site Operations Coordination Centers
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Year
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2005 - 2007
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Performer
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Division of Industrial Ergonomics in Department of Mechanical Engineering at Linköping University, Sweden
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Founder
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The Swedish Rescue Services Agency
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Project site
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Bridging cultural barriers to collaborative decision
making in On Site Operations Coordination Centers
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Summary
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Swedish Rescue Services Agency (SRSA) is responsible for ensuring Sweden’s
preparedness for emergency-services operations,
for coordinating those operations,
and for formulating and disseminating information in this field.
One of the first and more critical stages of any such operation is establishing an on-site coordination center (OSOCC).
The people at the center are responsible for coordinating a multitude of decision-making tasks directed at minimizing or stabilizing the various human,
material, and economic impacts of the emergency.
Given its mission and commitment to humanitarian relief and reconstruction missions all over the world, the SRSA needs to prepare for,
conduct, and generate knowledge about the implications of cultural norms for decision making on the smooth running of a newly established multinational OSOCC.
We propose to meet those needs by:
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1. |
Characterizing for the SRSA clusters of cultural norms that influence the process of decision making in an OSOCC.
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2. |
Developing a taxonomy of the barriers to efficient and effective collaboration in a multinational
OSOCC posed by contrasting clusters of norms for the decision-making process.
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The research project started in January 2005 and is scheduled to be completed in December
2006, read more.
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Publications
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Lindgren, Granlund & Smith (2006)
"Studying Cultural Aspects of Emergency Management Using the C3Fire Microworld"
In proceedings of the Conference on Systems for Improving Public Safety 2006, SIMsafe2006. Karlskoga Sweden. 7 September 2006.
Lindgren, Smith (2006)
"National Patterns of Teamwork during an Emergency Management Simulation"
In proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) 50th Annual Meeting. San Francisco, California. October 16-20, 2006.
Smith, Lindgren & Granlund (2006)
"Empirical studies of cultural barriers to collaborative decision making in international emergency services operations"
at 18 th International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology
Isle of Spetses Greece July 11-15, 2006.
Smith, Lindgren & Woltjer (2005)
"Identifying Cultural Barriers to Collaborative Decision Making in On Site Operations Coordination Centers (OSOCC)".
Poster at Seventh Regional Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (VII IACCP 2005), San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain.
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Members
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Kip Smith, PhD
Rego Granlund, PhD
Ida Lindgren
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Title
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Team cognition in command and control (C2)
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Year
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2005 - 2006
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Performer
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The School of Psychology, Université Laval, Canada
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Founder
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The research program, of wich Team cognition in command and control (C2) is a part, is founded by the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Natural Sciences and Engeneering Council of Canada (NSERC), Defence Research & Development Canada (DRDC) and the Ministère de l'Éducation du Québec (MEQ).
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Summary
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Team cognition in command and control (C2) is a part of a research program comprised of three main themes:
- distribution of cognition in space and time (processing temporal and spatial information: perception and retention)
- distribution of attentional resources across tasks (task alternation, interruption and multitasking)
- distribution across individuals (team cognition)
Our research projects on team cognition focus on issues of human performance related to optimizing team decision making in a complex and dynamic environment.
Team cognition in command and control (C2) are concerned with addressing the following question: How do different team structures (from fully collaborative to independent operators) cope with unpredictable changes in workload and task interruptions. Team structure is manipulated through communication protocol, role allocation and distribution of information.
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Publications
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Jobidon, Breton, Rousseau & Tremblay (2006)
"Team Response to Workload Transition: The Role of Team Structure"
In proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) 50th Annual Meeting. San Francisco, California. October 16-20, 2006.
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Contact
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Sébastien Tremblay, PhD
Robert Rousseau, PhD
Richard Breton, PhD
Marie-Eve Jobidon, PhD
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Title
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Naval Postgraduate School
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Year
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2005
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Performer
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Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California
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Summary
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Started in August 2005.
Performed by The Departments of Operations Research and Systems Engineering at Naval Postgraduate School.
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Publications
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Contact
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Nita Miller, PhD
Jeffrey Thomas
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Title
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Situation Apprehension and Outcome Prediction
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Year
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2005 - 2007
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Performer
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Swedish National Defence College
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Summary
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In this project a measurement method of situation apprehension and
outcome prediction is examined psychometrically. The method has its inspiration
in Spearman’s theory of intelligence and constitutes an alternative to the concepts
of situation awareness and sense making. The measurement approach of certain
aspects of understanding that is examined here is specific to the decision making
environment (microworld) used, but its general properties, however, should be
rather widely applicable. Using one microworld - C3Fire - and an assessment
technique of situation apprehension and prediction ability, we studied the relationships
between apprehension, prediction, and performance in the microworld.
These results indicate that the measurement method used may be psychometrically
sound and thus a viable alternative to current approaches to understanding, such
as situation awareness and sense making.
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Publications
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Mats Persson, Georgios Rigas (2007).
"A Measure of Situation Apprehension, Outcome Prediction and Performance in one Microworld"
In proceedings of ... IFAC-KOREA(2007). Korea September 2007.
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Contact
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Mats Persson,Major, MSc.
Georgios Rigas , PhD
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Title
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ALFA-05
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Year
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2005
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Performer
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GIS group in Department of Computer and Information Science at Linköping University, Sweden
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Founder
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Swedish Emergency Management Agency
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Project site
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Summary
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Publications
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Trnka, Johansson & Granlund (2006).
"Information Support in Collaborative Command and Control Work - Empirical Research Using a Role-Playing Exercise Approach"
In proceedings of the 11th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (ICCRTS 2006). Cambridge, UK. September 26-28 2006.
Trnka, Jenvald (2006).
"A Real-Time Role-Playing Exercise as a Methodology to Support Command and Control Research"
Proceedings of the he 3rd International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM), Newark, New Jersey, USA.
Trnka, Johansson & Granlund (2005)
"Investigating the Impact of Spatial Decision Support Systems in Modern Emergency Management using Microworld Simulations".
In proceedings of the Conference on Modeling and Simulation for Public Safety, SimSafe 2005. May 26-27, 2005, Linköping Sweden. pp. 77-84. Editor Peter Fritzson.
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Contact
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Jiri Trnka
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Title
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GIS effects on command and control
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Year
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2005
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Performer
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GIS group and Human-Centered Systems group in Department of Computer and Information Science at Linköping University, Sweden
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Founder
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Swedish Emergency Management Agency
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Project site
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GIS-system och deras effekt på stabsarbete vid svåra påfrestningar
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Summary
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GIS is used in management applications for supporting information areas as shared situation awareness, real time presentation of information and events as well as exchange of information between different operators.
These systems have a high level of complexity and the possibility to perform is high.
The demand on the management's decision making in system with GIS is increased, as is time pressure, compared to traditional systems without GIS.
There are indications that organizations working with GIS on day-to-day base meet problems when an extraordinary situation occurs. At these events it happen that the GIS tool is abandoned in favour of traditional paper maps and white boards, especially when it come to working in team and when communication is needed.
In this project we focus on using GIS in extraordinary situations and crises, in relation with users with little experience of GIS. We will conduct an experiment where using traditional paper maps is put versus using GIS. The teams in the two conditions shall manage an effort where a simulated forest fire is to be controlled and extinguished. The C3Fire simulation is extended with GIS functions and is used for creating an environment with the complexity of modern systems in crisis management.
The log-files generated in C3Fire contain data about all actions taken in the simulation. In addition to the log files the work in the teams staff is video-recorded as they are allowed to talk and the simulation does not log the talk.
All data will be used to explore achievement, work-process and communication in the experiments two condition.
How will the learning curve differ in the two conditions? Does GIS improve performance in crisis management? Does GIS affect the command style? Is there any connection between command style and performance? Will the teams in the GIS condition use a more direct control command style and the paper map condition a more mission-type command style?
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Publications
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Trnka, Johansson & Granlund (2005)
"Investigating the Impact of Spatial Decision Support Systems in Modern Emergency Management using Microworld Simulations".
In proceedings of the Conference on Modeling and Simulation for Public Safety, SimSafe 2005. May 26-27, 2005, Linköping Sweden. pp. 77-84. Editor Peter Fritzson.
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Contact
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Björn Johansson, PhD
Rego Granlund, PhD
Jiri Trnka
Åke Sivertun, PhD
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Title
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Adaptive Technology
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Year
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2004 - 2005
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Performer
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Division of Industrial Ergonomics of Mechanical Engineering at Linköping University, Sweden
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Founder
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FMV,The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration.
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Summary
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Within the Adaptive Technology project we are investigating the possibilities of
decision support in network-based emergency management through constraint propagation.
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Publications
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Woltjer, Smith, Hollnagel (2006).
"Constraint recognition, modeling, and visualization in network-based command and control."
Paper to be presented at the 11th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (ICCRTS), Cambridge, UK.
Woltjer, Smith (2006).
"Constraint recognition and state space representation in collaborative distributed command and control."
Paper presented at the Swedish Human Factors Network (HFN) 2006 Conference, Linköping, Sweden.
Woltjer, Smith (2005).
"Constraint Propagation in Collaborative Distributed Command and Control"
Poster abstract, Proceedings of the Seventh International Naturalistic Decision Making Conference (NDM7), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Rogier Woltjer (2005).
Licentiate of Engineering Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Sweden.
On how constraints shape action. LiU-Tek-Lic-2005:73, ISBN 91-85457-94-9, ISSN 0280-7971.
Woltjer, Smith (2004).
"Decision Support through Constraint Propagation in Collaborative Distributed Command and Control"
Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man & Cybernetics (IEEE SMC'04), 282-287, (special session 23rd European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control), The Hague, The Netherlands.
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Contact
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Rogier Woltjer
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Title
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Network Warfare - Self-Synchronization
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Year
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2003 - 2005
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Performer
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Swedish National Defence College
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Summary
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Theoretical and empirical analyses of possibilities and limitations of
C² architectures in network centric warfare.
The analyses are in the research tradition of distributed decision making.
Is self-synchronization possible?
Effects of time pressure and complexity in C² effectiveness.
We tested the hypothesis that self-synchronization is the most effective
command and control (C2) architecture under conditions of high time pressure and
high complexity in three experiments using the C3Fire simulation environment.
The effects of time pressure and task complexity on the effectiveness of three different
types of C2 architectures were investigated: a hierarchical (direct command),
a decentralized (self-synchronization), and a control condition (broken-back war).
The results were compatible with the hypothesis that self-synchronisation is the
most effective architecture under certain conditions. A general conclusion from
the experiments is that self-synchronization is presumably the most effective C2
architecture, given that the coordination demands are sufficiently high and that the
graphical representations of intentions are capturing important temporal aspects.
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Publications
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Georgios Rigas, Mats Persson, Berndt Brehmer (2007).
"Time Pressure, Complexity, and Self-Synchronization"
In proceedings of ... IFAC-KOREA(2007). Korea September 2007.
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Contact
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Georgios Rigas , PhD
Mats Persson,Major, MSc.
Berndt Brehmer, PhD
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Title
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Feedforward Control in Dynamic Situations
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Year
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2002 - 2005
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Performer
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Swedish National Defence College and
Department of Computer and Information Science at Linköping University, Sweden
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Summary
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This project studies control of dynamic systems and its relation to time. Although much
research has been done concerning control of dynamic systems and decision making, little research exists
about the relationship between time and control. Control is defined as the ability to keep a target system/
process in a desired state. In this study, properties of time such as fast, slow, overlapping etc, should be
viewed as a relation between the variety of a controlling system and a target system. It is further concluded
that humans have great difficulties controlling target systems that have slow responding processes
or "dead" time between action and response.
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Publications
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Björn Johansson (2005).
Ph.D. Thesis, Joint control in dynamic situations.
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Dissertation No. 972
ISBN 91-85457-31-0
Björn Johansson (2003).
Licentiate Thesis, Feedforward Control in Dynamic Situations.
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Thesis No:1018, Linköping.
ISBN 91-7373-664-3.
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Contact
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Björn Johansson, PhD
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Title
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Shared representations in ROLF 2010
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Year
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2000 - 2001
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Performer
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Swedish National Defence College and
Department of Computer and Information Science at Linköping University, Sweden
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Summary
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The overall goal of the experiment was to test assumptions concerning
digitally updated shared representations in future command centres
(Johansson & Granlund, 2001; Persson & Johansson, 2001;
Artman & Persson, 2000; Johansson, Granlund & Waern, 2000).
The overall goal was based on the questions formulated in the ROLF 2010 project.
The ROLF 2010 project is a large project concerning future command and control
environments conducted at the Swedish National Defence College.
It has been observed (Johansson, Artman & Waern, in press) that high-tech
support in command and control environments is sometimes not only supportive,
but also confusing to the personnel using it.
So one of the important questions is whether the benefit of fast and accurate
information presented on shared representations is as great as suggested.
Based on this question a study was performed where a total of 60 subjects
were tested, 6 subjects in each group, performing three trials.
All the subjects were professional military officers of at least the rank of Captain,
see figure 2. There were two independent variables, direct updating of
the shared map and manual updating of the shared map. In direct updating,
the fire-fighting unit chiefs could put information on the shared map by
placing symbols on their local map, which creates a fast and precise way
of distributing information.
In manual updating, all information to the staff is based on e-mail communication,
which has to be manually inserted into the shared map.
The analysis of the situation awareness was, as in study 2,
based on marks in the map system, while communication was analysed by
using parsing strategies and key-word detection of the textual information.
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Publications
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Rego Granlund, Björn Johansson (2003)
"Monitoring Distributed Collaboration in the C3Fire Microworld"
In book "Scaled Worlds: Development, Validation and Applications"
Eds. Samuel G. Schiflett, Linda R. Elliott, Eduardo Salas and Mike D. Coovert.
Aldershot, Ashgate 2003.
Rego Granlund (2002)
"Monitoring Distributed Teamwork Training"
Ph.D. Thesis at Department of Computer and Information Science,
Linköping University, Sweden, 2002. ISBN 91-7373-312-1.
Mats Persson, Arne Worm (2002)
"Information Experimentation in Command and Control"
Proceedings of 2002 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium. Monterey, CA.
Rego Granlund, Björn Johansson, Mats Persson, Henrik Artman, Peter Mattson (2001)
"Exploration of methodological issues in micro-world research -
Experiences from research in team decision making"
Proceedings to "Cognitive Research With Microworlds CRWM 2001",
14-16 November 2001, Granada, Spain.
Mats Persson, Björn Johansson(2001)
"Creativity or Diversity in Command and Control"
In (ed.) Smith M.J., Salvendy G., Harris D. & Koubek R.J. Usability, Evaluation and Interface Design - Cognitive Engineering, Intelligent agents and Virtual Reality. Proceedings to HCI 2001 Vol. 1, pp1508-1512. New Orleans, 5-10 August, 2001.
Rego Granlund, Björn Johansson, Mats Persson (2001)
"C3Fire a Micro-world for Collaboration Training in the ROLF environment"
In proceedings to (SIMS 2001) the 42nd "Conference on Simulation and Modelling, Simulation in Theory and Practice". Organized by Scandinavian Simulation Society, Porsgrunn, Norway, October 8th - 9th 2001.
Björn Johansson, Rego Granlund (2001)
"Feedback in Shared Digital Maps"
In (Ed.) Morten Lind Proceedings to "European Annual co EAM 2001",
Copenhagen, 25-27 June, 2001.
Joel Brynielsson, Rego Granlund (2001)
"Assistance in Decision Making: Decision help and decision Analysis"
In proceednings of 6th International Command And ControlResearch And Technology Symposium (ICCRTS) - Collaboration in the Information Age, Annapolis USA, June 19 - 21, 2001.
Björn Johansson, Rego Granlund (2000)
"The communicative aspects of distributed dynamic decision making
in the ROLF environmen"
In CD proceedings of the 5th conference on Natural Decision Making. Stockholm, Sweden. 26 May 2000.
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Members
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Mats Persson
Rego Granlund
Björn Johansson
Henrik Artman
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Title
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Team Situation Awareness using Graphical or Textual Databases
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Year
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1998 - 1999
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Performer
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Department of Communication Studies and
Department of Computer and Information Science at Linköping University, Sweden
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Summary
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The overall goal of the experiment was to explore the effects of using a
graphical or textual database for sharing information within a team.
The study was based upon observations from a field study of an emergency
co-ordination centre (Artman & Wærn 1999; Artman & Garbis 1998).
The goal was to look for differences in performance and in the situation
awareness constructed in the team, depending on whether they were using a
graphical or textual representation of the state in their communication.
We analysed 18 quartets, a total of 72 subjects, performing three trails.
In the experiment four people were to co-operate in a layered organisation,
two as staff members and two operative fire-fighting unit chiefs.
The staff members were located at different places and could only communicate
by electronic mail and via the graphical or textual databases, depending on the settings.
The measurements of Situation Awareness (SA) were based on Endsley’s
three levels of Situation Awareness.
To analyse the situation awareness in the textual setting we used parsing
strategies and key-word detection.
To analyse the situation in the graphical setting we equipped the C3Fire
environment with an interactive map tool that let the subjects mark their
view of the situation on a map.
The map tool offered us the possibility to measure the accuracy in terms
of type of information and the time difference between the simulated activity
and the insertions in the map.
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Publications
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Rego Granlund (2002)
"Monitoring Distributed Teamwork Training".
Ph.D. Thesis at Department of Computer and Information Science,
Linköping University, Sweden, 2002. ISBN 91-7373-312-1.
Rego Granlund(2001)
"Web-based micro-world simulation for emergency management training".
Journal Article in Journal "Future Generation Computer systems",
special issue with the best papers from the International Conference
on Web-Based Modelling and Simulation 1999, Elsevier.
Rego Granlund, Erik Berglund, Henrik Eriksson (2000)
"Designing web-based simulation for learning"
in Journal "Future Generation Computer systems",
special issue with the best papers from the International Conference on
Web-Based Modelling and Simulation 1998, Elsevier.
Henrik Artman (1999)
"Fördelade kunskapsprocesser i ledningscentraler vid nödsituationer"
Ph.D. Thesis, Avhandling nr. 186. Tema Kommunikation, Linköpings universitet. ISBN 91-7219-418-9.
Rego Granlund (1999)
"Web-based micro-world simulation for emergency management training"
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Web-Based Modelling and Simulation, Society for Computer Simulation International, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1999, ISBN:1-56555-156-7
Henrik Artman (1999)
"Co-operation within and between Hierarchical Units in Dynamic Decision Making"
Journal Article in Ergonomics, vol. 42, no.11, 1404-1417.
Henrik Artman, Rego Granlund (1998)
"Team Situation Awareness using Graphical or Textual Databases
in Dynamic Decision Making"
In proceedings ECCE-9, Ninth European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics,
University of Limerick, Ireland.
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Contact
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Henrik Artman
Rego Granlund
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Title
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Collaboration in Serial and Parallel Organisations
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Year
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1996 - 1997
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Performer
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Department of Communication Studies and
Department of Computer and Information Science at Linköping University, Sweden
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Summary
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The overall goal of the experiment was to test
three work organisations (serial, parallel and optional) (Artman 1999, Granlund 1997).
The study was based upon observations from a field study of military staff training
(Artman 2000).
In this field study we observed that in military staff training they
used different kinds of work organisation where the information flow varied.
One where the information flow was serial and one where the information flow were parallel.
In the serial setting the information within the team flowed in a serial manner,
where members constituted a filtering mechanism for each other.
In the parallel setting the members received the same information.
The aim was to compare the effectiveness, co-operation and situation awareness
within commander teams as well as the communication between the commander team
and the operational level in the three work organizations.
This micro-world study was performed on the basis of the observations made during
the field study.
The goal was to study these two information flow strategies in the C3Fire micro-world.
Sixty computer-literate undergraduate students served as subjects.
There were a total of 15 quartets performing two trials.
Of the four persons in each quartet, two were assigned as staff personnel,
one as an information handler and one as a commander.
They were regarded as superior in rank to the other
two persons who were fire-fighting unit chiefs.
They were all able to communicate by electronic mail in a
serial or parallel manner depending on the conditions.
The results of the series of experiments were described in three basic ways:
the effectiveness of the teams,
in terms of co-operation processes within the commander team,
and the communication and co-operation between time-scales.
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Publications
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Rego Granlund (2002)
"Monitoring Distributed Teamwork Training".
Ph.D. Thesis at Department of Computer and Information Science,
Linköping University, Sweden, 2002. ISBN 91-7373-312-1.
Henrik Artman (1999)
"Fördelade kunskapsprocesser i ledningscentraler vid nödsituationer"
Ph.D. Thesis, Avhandling nr. 186. Tema Kommunikation, Linköpings universitet. ISBN 91-7219-418-9.
Rego Granlund (1997)
"C3Fire A Micro-world Supporting Emergency Management Training".
Licentiate Thesis at Department of Computer and Information Science,
Linköping University, Sweden, 1997.
ISBN 91-7871-890-2.
Rego Granlund (1997)
"Micro-world Systems for Emergency Management Training"
Book Chapter in "Co-operative process Management: Cognition and Information Technology".
Eds. Y. Wærn. Taylor & Francis, London. ISBN 0-7484-0713-8.
Rego Granlund (1997)
"The C3Fire Micro-world"
Book Chapter in "Co-operative process Management: Cognition and Information Technology".
Eds. Y. Wærn. Taylor & Francis, London. ISBN 0-7484-0713-8.
Rego Granlund (1996)
"C3Fire: A Micro-World for Emergency Management Training"
In the international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS'96),
at the workshop on Simulation-Based Learning Technology. pp. 18-22
Rego Granlund, Sture Hägglund (1996)
"C3Fire - A Micro-world System Supporting Simulation for Decision Making and Training"
In proceedings MILINF 96, A Scandinavian conference about Information and Communication Technology in Command and Control Systems. pp. 64-72.
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Contact
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Henrik Artman
Rego Granlund
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